Toronto drivers spend more time in traffic jams compared to drivers in any other city in North America, according to a study conducted by navigation company GPS TomTom. The Queen City ranks third among nearly 400 cities worldwide in terms of road traffic in 2023.

The annual ranking by the geographic navigation specialist, the thirteenth edition, published on Wednesday, covers traffic trends observed last year in 387 cities across 55 countries.

TomTom said it analyzed data extracted from over 600 million in-car navigation systems and smartphones to determine the average travel time for drivers per kilometer, congestion levels, average peak hour speed, and time lost in traffic jams each year.

The average time required to complete a 10-kilometer trip in Toronto is 29 minutes, an increase of 50 seconds from 2022. Travel times are longer only in London and Dublin, according to TomTom. The Canadian city is also the only city in North America to appear among the top ten in this ranking.

The only other North American cities ranked in the top twenty in the 2023 rankings are Mexico City (13) and New York (20).

At the bottom of the list, other Canadian cities included in the ranking are Vancouver (32), Winnipeg (93), Montreal (103), London (142), Halifax (171), Edmonton (200), Hamilton (220), Ottawa (231), Calgary (297), Quebec City (324), and Kitchener-Waterloo (325).